article · Issue No. 4, April 1949 · p. 50 p. 51

Remarks on the Lebanese Woman

Victor Hakim

Propos sur la Femme Libanaise · Victor Hakim

IN FORMER days, the average woman shaped her life to a reduced social activity. Bound to the conventions and proprieties that attend marriages, baptisms, holidays and mournings, departures for the summer resorts and returns to town, seasonal obligations and spontaneous obligations, visits and receptions, she looked after her household and raised her children in silence. Soberly dressed, but laden with jewels, she carried her fortune upon her person, did not know how to walk in the street, and led a life without a story.

In a certain class, work was considered a degradation, and the principal objective of the young girl was marriage — her supreme thought and her marshal's baton. The feminine army of labor comprised a few schoolmistresses, midwives, nurses, seamstresses and milliners, the workers of the silkworm nurseries, the spinning mills and the cigarette factories, washerwomen, charwomen, and servants of great heart.

Then came the period between the two wars, and that contribution of westernization which followed upon the mandate. As always happens, westernization took place superficially — or rather, it won over first of all the superficial regions of woman's activity. Only after a time of groping did the imponderable forces of renewal unfold.

Woman took the habit of going out more often, life in society — if not social life in the noblest sense of the word — having taken a new direction. Family gatherings and visits gave way to outings more and more numerous, to public establishments, dance halls, and cinemas, and, less often, the theaters. A greater need for luxury in dress followed. At the same time, the difficulties of the age drove toward work women belonging to the middle classes and to the impoverished aristocracy. Timidly at first, as saleswomen, typists, secretaries, and even archivists or bookkeepers, they found employment; the former workers of the spinning mills were assigned to new industries. Women also obtained in greater numbers diplomas as midwives, doctors, pharmacists, and chemists. They became lawyers, journalists, draftswomen in architects' offices. They practiced painting, wrote books, won better posts in the teaching establishments. There were even women civil servants, and others evolved enough to understand the beauty of manual labor.

It is from this gradual evolution that there was born, in the woman who chose to begin by making herself useful to her own cause and satisfying her increased needs, the desire to be useful to her fellows, to increase her social importance, to develop her collective vocation.

The concern to secure individual and quiet happiness within the family cell turned into the concern to secure the good of the whole body of these cells. These are men's concerns, and woman is beginning to share in them. In politics there are no doubt women who are only the vain reflection of a position acquired by the husband. But others give of themselves and are fully conscious of their active role. Snobbery and truth divide woman's tendencies between them; but the misfortune of the times purifies and levels; it restores to their first purpose charitable undertakings which at the beginning were only occasions for meeting and an effect of the pleasure of display. The consequences of the Palestinian dispersion have been for woman an occasion to forget herself and to surpass herself.

If the Lebanese woman is not sure of herself, assured of her steps and of her voice, like her sister of Europe, there is nonetheless in her a region that resists evil, superficiality, and insignificance, and which comes from centuries of devotion to the family and to the wider family and regional group that encloses her. Nurse and benefactress, modest collaborator in the great hospitals, dispensaries, and clinics, the Lebanese woman knows how to be all this with exactness, devotion, and modesty.

She has done much. She can do still more. She still has much to do.

A whole category of her sisters is absent, withdrawn from the creative structure of the social order. These are women whom prejudices paralyze. I am thinking of the woman of the towns. In the country, behavior differs entirely. Woman shares in the work of the fields. She is the equal of man. She is effectively his wife. I remember a criminal case that had drawn to Beirut all the inhabitants of a little village of the Bekaa. Men and women equally tall, strong, and high-colored, nobly and cleanly dressed. I noted the respect with which these women were surrounded, their consciousness of themselves, their physical and moral health resting upon a family structure and a proud peasantry.

If Spartan sobriety has adherents today, I said to myself, it is on the faces of these men and these women that I discover its proud marks.

Unfortunately, in the towns, the woman of the people, a blind form, is deprived of all the lights. And this pressure coincides with a diminished, primitive family life.

One does not mention the woman by her name, but alludes to her vaguely. These evasive formulas, for example:

— The folks!

— Those at home.

— The uncle's daughter, saving your presence.

Responsible women of Lebanon, women worthy of the name, you must restore to activity all these unused forces.

More than white coal, the activity of all is precious.

Lebanon is too small a country to renounce the help of any single one of its inhabitants.

Victor Hakim

March 1949.

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