is done in all the independent countries of the world.

b — Teaching the sciences and arts in Arabic at the secondary stage, and teaching one of the foreign languages, as a language only, at this stage — with a special branch for the last two years of this stage for those who wish to go deeply into and specialize in one of the living foreign languages, these being singled out to secure our cultural, political, and commercial contact with the outside world. They would enter the foreign universities in our country, or go abroad at their own expense or on missions. From among them we would have our translators in the sciences, letters, and arts, our diplomats, the directors of banks and commercial establishments, and some of our physicians, lawyers, and engineers.

c — Renewing the methods and the books used in teaching the Arabic language, and simplifying it, so that the essential aim becomes teaching the student correct reading and writing, while the philology of the language and its hidden depths are left to students of specialization. This entails, naturally, the preparation of competent teachers.

A. 4 — The question of sectarianism, in my belief, is of such gravity that it is difficult to treat in an answer to a question. It touches on religious beliefs, rites, and laws before it touches on politics. It has historical roots that cannot be denied. Doing away with it will not come by merely denouncing it and attacking it, whether in sincerity or in hypocrisy. Perhaps its dangers grow most acute when two communities are equal in number in a given country, as is the case in Lebanon — two communities that differed in the past over the very existence of this homeland itself.

And I believe that whatever sectarian clamor arises at times is slight in relation to the situation, and is proof of the tolerance with which we are all adorned. If this tolerance is joined to a fair distribution of the posts of the state and of the establishments of public benefit, it will be easy to do away with those who fish in troubled waters, and the ground will be prepared for moving the country, in a calm atmosphere, toward complete secularism.

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is because the present sectarian arrangement —

for all its shortcomings — has generated a kind of political stability, and to abolish it suddenly, without preparing the people for it socially, might bring the opposite of what sincere patriots desire. And how is the people to be prepared for it? How is Lebanese patriotism to rise above every sectarian cry? That is a matter requiring deep study. Yet I do not know how it can come about unless there is consolidated in Lebanon a system of national parties embracing the various communities (as is the case in the advanced countries), parties that present their candidates to the Chamber of Deputies and for government posts on the basis of democratic programs whose aim is the service of Lebanon, the preservation of its entity, and the endeavor to develop its economic life and its public works.

When that is accomplished, and the national, non-sectarian bodies work sincerely in the service of Lebanon, it will then be easy for them to take the place of the sectarian system, and for Lebanese patriotism to become the true bond of the sons of this dear country. And that is what every sincere patriot hopes for.

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