veins.
The liquid fuels that create this power are not produced by the soil of Lebanon, unfortunately, and its lack of them makes it dependent upon the production of others.
God's Blessing
Among God's blessings upon Lebanon is that a mighty force of this motive power lies latent in its rivers, still waiting for attention to be turned to it, and for release from its tether, that it may produce.
Most of these rivers are coastal torrents of swift course, upon which dams cannot be erected to store the waters; the reason for this lies in the steep gradient of the surface of the bed and the general fissuring of its geological strata.
Hence it is impossible to regulate their discharge, and it must be supposed that the waters will be used as they come: abundant in the winter season, with most of them lost to the sea, and scanty in summer.
The Litani
The Litani river is distinguished among the Lebanese watercourses. The geographical characteristics of rivers are combined in it, and it is the greatest of them in Lebanon; indeed, it is Lebanon's only river whose course lies entirely within Lebanese territory, and whose water wealth is all the work of Lebanon's sky, for its waters come to it from more than a fifth of the area of Lebanese territory.
The equipping of the Litani has been confined to this day to the use of its waters for agricultural irrigation in the coastal plain, famous as the Qasimiyya plain, and to the irrigation of the Bekaa.
The valley of the Litani is capable of being equipped on a wider scale than the rest of the Lebanese rivers. Technical studies and local evidence are agreed in considering the Litani river the greatest natural resource in Lebanon. If the waters of the river are controlled and used regularly, they will produce
abundant and cheap electric power, sufficient to supply all the Lebanese regions, and will help to widen the works of irrigation by driving the water with pumps, to increase the agricultural possibilities, and to stimulate industrial undertakings.
And we find in the valley of the Litani river great possibilities for building dams and storing water on the one hand, and great falls for generating electric power on the other.
It is possible to carry out storage works sufficient to secure a regular discharge of water throughout the year. This matter is of the utmost importance, for it means that the waters stored between the Bekaa plain and the seacoast suffice to generate nearly one hundred thousand kilowatts, capable of producing 500 million kilowatt-hours a year — that is, enough to secure two thousand kilowatt-hours for some 250,000 of the inhabitants annually.
The quantity of water that can be stored amounts to 200 million cubic meters a year, by means of two dams each rising 50 meters.
In addition to the generation of electric power, the stored waters make it possible to widen the compass of irrigation, whether in the elevated coastal regions or in the mountainous regions of the South. Moreover, the geographical center of these projects makes it easy to carry electric power to the most important cities of Lebanon: the distance in a straight line between them and Beirut does not exceed 50 kilometers.
From the foregoing it appears that the Litani river occupies a place of high importance, and it is therefore necessary that it be studied and treated as one complete, indivisible unit.
By way of fixing ideas, we mention that Lebanon consumes annually, in fuels for the generation of electric power, for industry, and for domestic uses, the equivalent of 622 million kilowatt-hours, costing nine million Lebanese lira a year.
The power at present generated from the falls of the rivers does not exceed sixty million kilowatt-hours; whereas
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