the directions of their culture.

Hence, no sooner were tongues unbound by the proclamation of the Constitution in 1908 than the hidden thoughts were laid bare, and a frightful disintegration appeared in the ranks, warning that it was impossible for these discordant blocs to remain under the sky of a single homeland.

It was then that we understood the reason for Sultan Abdul Hamid's stand in opposition to the proclamation of the Constitution — the reason which the Unionists, the men of the party of Union and Progress who came to power over the state after Abdul Hamid, made light of, imagining that the mere procla-mation of "equality, fraternity, and liberty" would suddenly create a united nation.

And it was then that we repeated the saying: "Verily, you shall not gather grapes from thorns."

The fact is that the "Sick Man," in the expression of the Tsar of Russia, had reached the stage of the death agony, and no policy could save him from death, whether it were a despotic policy or a constitutional one... "and for every term there is a decree."

And after all, the fathers eat sour grapes and the children's teeth are set on edge. Thus the lands of Syria, and Lebanon in particular, which were the stage of the play "divide and rule" — a play

in whose performance both the ruling power and the colonizing states took pains — are still affected by the leavings of that painful drama, despite the passing of that power and the country's enjoyment of independence. The peals of the bells of estrangement among the members of one people, which still ring out from time to time, are but echoes of the foreigners' preparation of this gentle people to be a mount for them, on which to reach the goal of their hopes.

— What, then, is to be done?

— There is no way of deliverance from the specter of the black past except by raising the rising gener-ation of the future upon national brotherhood and national aims.

But this is a difficult matter for us so long as certain foreign schools — which were, and remain, the starting point of estrangement among the communities — never cease to take charge of educating our children toward political ends.

And until the authorities in Lebanon give to mastering the education of the young, and directing it upon unblemished national foundations, the care that new Turkey and Iraq have given, I call upon my people to institute compulsory military service; for soldiering, besides being a press-ing necessity for Lebanon from the strategic standpoint, is apt to work toward uniting the hearts of the youth as the national schools do.

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