of anger or a bout of screaming; for the child who has reached one year of age cannot act from prior awareness, and anger is merely a psychological response to some annoyance.

Thinking begins in the child in the seventh or eighth month, and this does not mean that he has gained his power of memory; so there is no reason for the mother to take a negative stand. Likewise, showing pity alone is a mistake she must avoid, and it does no good for her to double her tenderness toward him the moment he rages or grows angry, for by that she encour-ages him to be angry on purpose in order to win her affection and draw out her tenderness.

It behooves the parents to keep their balance and their calm until the cloud lifts and the sun shines out anew; and they must be alert to strange, abnormal behavior. Layla, for example, is a child of three and a half, pleasant company and merry, with two brothers older than herself, and she had long heard her parents' praise of her gentle manners and her cheerful face. But suddenly, and without cause, she began to avoid playing outside the house, her excuse being that a dog was trying to bite her — and the strangest part is that she had never feared going near animals. Then she could no longer bear to be alone in her room, and took to telling fantastic tales of ravening beasts, and in vain did her family try to convince her that her notions were untrue and that she should give up these fancies. The observer would not judge from appearances that such behavior springs from the motives of hostility; yet in fact Layla felt that she was forever the source of giving, and that her right

was always being wronged. So she hated her parents in secret, and would have liked to burst out screaming and weeping; but in the depths of her soul there was a restraint calling her to remain the pleasant, merry girl. Her fear, then, sprang from an inner feel-ing, not from dread of the animal.

Educators must consider this behavior a sign of growth in the child's soul, and so help him toward gaining his independence, and not incline to pressure and threats. The urge toward freedom grows in his soul as his body and mind grow; and his thought turns to the outer world after his second year, so that he tries to discover for himself everything new he meets — he runs and jumps and plays without knowing why he does all this.

Samir sees the telephone, so he tries it, but he fails to hear his father's voice, because he did not use it properly; and he falls into envy when he sees his mother

putting on different clothes for various occasions, or when he sees her ill, or worn out with visitors — all of them ordinary situations, yet they stir the child's interest, entangle his thinking, or arouse his fear and his anger at once.

Along with movement and curios-ity, imagination widens at this age, so the child expresses his anger upon his toys if he cannot do so upon family and friends. And when he reaches the age of four he becomes able to control himself and command his nerves; but here another face of expres-sion begins: he may hold himself back from annoying his sister, yet he casts out what stirs within him in noise and clamor. Even the most docile of children expresses hostility. Salwa is a quiet child; when her little brother was born she used to try to come near him and touch him, but she changed quickly the moment she felt that this new guest was taking her